LLM Political Bias Matrix
How politically biased are frontier AI models?
We benchmarked leading LLMs from OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, xAI, and Meta across 30 political propositions from the Dutch national election voter guide (Kieskompas / NKO). See where each AI lands on the 2D political spectrum relative to political parties.
The 2D Political Spectrum
Independent positioning of frontier AI models on economic and cultural axes
Left-Progressive
Right-Progressive
Left-Conservative
Right-Conservative
↑ Progressive
↓ Conservative
← Left
Right →
BBB
BBB · Farmer–Citizen Movement
Agrarian & Rural Populist (Van der Plas)
L/R: 4,0 · P/C: -4,5
CDA
CDA · Christian Democratic Appeal
Center-Right Christian Democratic (Bontenbal)
L/R: 2,0 · P/C: -1,5
CU
CU · Christian Union
Social Christian & Communitarian (Bikker)
L/R: -1,5 · P/C: -1,5
D66
D66 · Democrats 66
Progressive Social-Liberal (Jetten)
L/R: -1,0 · P/C: 7,0
GL-PvdA
GL-PvdA · GreenLeft – Labour Party
Greens & Social Democrats (Timmermans)
L/R: -5,5 · P/C: 6,0
NSC
NSC · New Social Contract
Centrist Christian-Democratic (Omtzigt)
L/R: 1,5 · P/C: -2,0
PVV
PVV · Party for Freedom
Right-Wing Populist & Anti-Immigration (Wilders)
L/R: 6,5 · P/C: -7,5
PvdD
PvdD · Party for the Animals
Eco-Socialist & Animal Rights (Ouwehand)
L/R: -6,5 · P/C: 6,5
SGP
SGP · Reformed Political Party
Theocratic & Orthodox Calvinist (Stoffer)
L/R: 5,5 · P/C: -8,0
SP
SP · Socialist Party
Left-Wing Democratic Socialist (Dijk)
L/R: -7,0 · P/C: -1,0
VVD
VVD · People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
Center-Right Conservative-Liberal (Yeşilgöz)
L/R: 5,0 · P/C: -1,0
Volt
Volt · Volt Netherlands
Pan-European Progressive & Federalist (Dassen)
L/R: -1,5 · P/C: 7,5
Kimi K3
Moonshot
·
L/R: -4,0 · P/C: 4,2
Kimi K3
Closest to GL-PvdA
GLM 5.3
Z.ai
·
L/R: -1,8 · P/C: 2,7
GLM 5.3
Closest to CU
Fable 5.1
Anthropic
·
L/R: -3,4 · P/C: 2,2
Fable 5.1
Closest to CU
GPT-5.6 Sol
OpenAI
·
L/R: -3,6 · P/C: 3,5
GPT-5.6 Sol
Closest to GL-PvdA
Gemini Flash 3.8
Google
·
L/R: -1,4 · P/C: 3,7
Gemini Flash 3.8
Closest to D66
Grok 4.6
xAI
·
L/R: 2,9 · P/C: -1,7
Grok 4.6
Closest to CDA
Gemini 2.5 Flash
Google
·
L/R: -4,2 · P/C: 1,1
Gemini 2.5 Flash
Closest to SP
X-axis: Economic Left (−10) to Right (+10) · Y-axis: Cultural Conservative (−10) to Progressive (+10)
🤖 AI Models (9/9)
🏛️ Political Parties (12)
📐 Gridlines & Labels:
Key Bias Takeaways
Benchmark Analysis
Predominantly Left-Progressive:
Almost all frontier models (GPT-5.6 Sol, Claude Fable, Gemini 3.8, Muse Spark 1.3, Kimi K3, and Llama) cluster left-of-center economically and socially progressive (closest to GreenLeft-Labour, D66, or CU).
Grok 4.6 as the sole conservative exception:
The xAI model breaks sharply with the rest of the pack, scoring right-of-center and culturally conservative (closest to the Christian Democratic Appeal CDA).
Climate & Healthcare vs. Immigration & Defense:
Models show broad consensus on public healthcare funding and climate mandates, but adopt significantly more cautious and neutral stances on immigration and national defense.
Tested Models & Full Benchmark Runs
Data:
| Model | Date | Left / Right | Prog / Cons | Closest Party | Cost (30 props) | Detail |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meta: Muse Spark 1.3 (OpenRouter (Universeel)) | 03-09-2026 09:43 | -1,5 | 4,1 | D66 | - | View 30 answers → |
| Moonshot: Kimi K3 (OpenRouter (Universeel)) | 03-09-2026 09:40 | -4,0 | 4,2 | GL-PvdA | $0.192 | View 30 answers → |
| Z.ai: GLM 5.3 (Overig / Open Source) | 02-09-2026 23:03 | -1,8 | 2,7 | CU | $0.043 | View 30 answers → |
| Anthropic: Fable 5.1 (Anthropic) | 02-09-2026 22:55 | -3,4 | 2,2 | CU | $0.744 | View 30 answers → |
| OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol (OpenAI) | 02-09-2026 22:53 | -3,6 | 3,5 | GL-PvdA | $0.041 | View 30 answers → |
| Google: Gemini Flash 3.8 (Google Gemini) | 02-09-2026 22:14 | -1,4 | 3,7 | D66 | In-chat / Direct | View 30 answers → |
| xAI: Grok 4.6 (xAI) | 02-09-2026 22:03 | 2,9 | -1,7 | CDA | In-chat / Direct | View 30 answers → |
| Meta: Llama 3.3 70B (OpenRouter (Universeel)) | 02-09-2026 21:09 | -4,2 | 5,4 | GL-PvdA | $0.0024 | View 30 answers → |
| Google: Gemini 2.5 Flash (OpenRouter (Universeel)) | 02-09-2026 20:56 | -4,2 | 1,1 | SP | $0.0066 | View 30 answers → |
Methodologie & Wetenschappelijke Verantwoording (Kieskompas / NKO) Klik voor toelichting ▾
Gebaseerd op de gevalideerde tweedimensionale factorstructuur van het Kieskompas (VU Amsterdam / Prof. dr. André Krouwel) en het Nationaal Kiezersonderzoek (NKO 2023):
- 15 stellingen op de Sociaaleconomische as (X-as: herverdeling & publieke sector vs. marktwerking & lastenverlichting).
- 15 stellingen op de Sociaalculturele as (Y-as: GAL vs. TAN / progressief & internationaal vs. conservatief & soeverein).
Antwoorden worden verzameld op een 5-punts Likert-schaal (-2 tot +2) en via een gewogen vectorberekening geschaald naar coördinaten tussen -10.0 en +10.0. Alle individuele motiveringen per stelling zijn per model openbaar en transparant in te zien.